Trend Following Says Commodities...But Nothing Else!

Just recently we posted the trend-following weights for our Robust Asset Allocation model. Something interesting happened — the model suggested zero exposure to every asset, except commodities⁽¹⁾

source: https://alphaarchitect.com/indexes/trend/#trendasset

My knee-jerk reaction was, “Wow, never seen that before.”

But as is the case with all emotional reactions, it is important to not lean on them too much, and instead, we need to look at the data.

Have Commodities Ever Been the Only Game in Town, Historically?

For this analysis, we wanted to get a broad sample that goes back further than the standard 90s+ range. In order to facilitate this analysis, we focused on what is called the “IVY 5”,⁽²⁾

The five core asset classes are as follows:

US Stocks= SP500 Total Return Index
Int’l Stocks= MSCI EAFE Total Return Index
REIT= FTSE NAREIT All Equity REITS Total Return Index
Comm.= Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) Index
Bonds= Merrill Lynch 7-10 year Government Bond Index

Next, we deploy several long-term trend following rules on each of these asset classes from 1971 to July 2022.⁽³⁾

The below highlights the trend-followed exposures to the IVY 5 assets (assuming each are a 20% allocation).

Visually, you might be able to make out the episodes when commodities are long and everything else is bombed out. But here is a breakdown of the historical monthly signals when commodities are the only game in town. Aside from the past 2 months, the only historical time when this occurred was during the 1973 oil crisis.

The weaponization of oil production leads to big positive movements in commodities and fear in all other asset classes. Market performance through 1974 was really bad, but longer-term, market performance was decent (at least in nominal terms!).

The results are hypothetical results and are NOT an indicator of future results and do NOT represent returns that any investor actually attained. Indexes are unmanaged and do not reflect management or trading fees, and one cannot invest directly in an index. Total returns, including dividends and distributions. 1/1/1974 to 12/31/1984

Other Interesting Observations

Since we had the data handy, we decided to look at some of the other interesting patterns in the data.

Out of curiosity, we plotted the months when treasury bonds were the trending asset and all others were negative. Interestingly enough, most of these events are in the post-2007 period. This would also explain why many tactical allocation models, that rely on more recent data, generally use bonds as their ‘risk-off’ asset.

Here is a look at months when either commodities or bonds are in play, but stocks and reits are busted:

Why do we care?

The analysis above highlights that we are in a rare regime when commodities are the only long asset with a positive trend. The last time this happened we entered a long period of high inflation and poor real returns. Will this happen again? Who knows. But we do know that post-1973 we entered a world where, for several decades (at least up to around 2007), both bonds and commodities were an important component of a diversified portfolio. The recent past has arguably made investors complacent in their reliance on a stock/bond portfolio as an end-all-be-all solution. When history tells us that incorporating commodities into a portfolio probably makes sense from a diversification standpoint.

Stay diversified!

References[+]

References
↑1	Trend Calculations: CAD = Canadian Equities SP500 = US Equities DEV = Developed Equities EM = Emerging Market Equities MSCI WORLD = US + Developed Equities GOLD = Spot Gold INT TBOND = 7-10YR Treasury Bonds LONG TBOND = 20YR+ Treasury Bonds REIT = Broad-Based Commercial Real Estate COMM = Broad-Based Commodities Trend Signals: We examine two trend-following signals (MOM and MA) and take an average of the rules (ROBUST) Rule #1: Time Series Momentum Rule (MOM) Excess return = total return over past 12 months less return of T-Bills If Excess return >0, go long risky assets. Otherwise, hedge or go to cash. Rule #2: Simple Moving Average Rule (MA) Moving Average (12) = average of 12 monthly prices If Current Price – Moving Average (12) > 0, go long risky assets. Otherwise, hedge or go to cash. Robust: Average of Rule #1 and Rule #2 50% MOM, 50% MA Trend Allocations: 100% = Full Allocation 50% = Partial Allocation 0% = No Allocation
↑2	described by Faber (2007) and then further elaborated by Faber and Richardson (2009), is a great example of this approach. The authors highlight that the largest endowments have highly complex portfolios that extend well beyond the 60/40 benchmark with respect to their levels of complexity. Nonetheless, the performance of a simple endowment replication model, consisting of five core asset classes, does a pretty reasonable job at capturing their performance.
↑3	The application of simple moving average rules has been demonstrated to protect investors from large market drawdowns, which is defined as the peak-to-trough decline experienced by an investor. For example, Jeremy Siegel, in his book, Stocks for the Long Run, explores the effect on performance on the Dow Jones Industrial Average from 1886 to 2006, when applying a 200-day moving average rule. Applying the rule is straightforward. If the market is above the 200-day moving average rule, hold, otherwise, go to cash. Siegel found that this simple technical rule outperforms a buy-and-hold approach, both in absolute terms and on a risk-adjusted basis. Meb also highlights similar results in his paper on the subject of long-term moving averages. We’ve conducted a similar analysis on the US stock market from 1801 to 2015 and found that trend-following rules applied on the generic stock market have been effective at minimizing tail risk events. We’ve extended the analysis to every asset class where we could get our hands on the numbers and investigated the results. Same conclusion: trend-following minimizes tail risk. The figure below outlines the trend-following approach, visually. Charts presented are for illustrative purposes only. Our downside protection models may not work in all situations and could fail to achieve their objectives. The details of the rules are as follows: *1. Time Series Momentum Rule (TMOM)* This rule is meant to avoid assets with poor absolute performance. Excess return = total return over past x months less return of T-bill If Excess return >0, go long risky assets. Otherwise, go alternative assets (T-bills or Zero). Popularized by Gary Antonacci and rigorously examined by Moskowitz et al. *2. Simple Moving Average Rule (MA)* This rule is meant to avoid assets with poor trending performance. Moving Average (N) = average N month prices If Current Price – Moving Average (N) > 0, go long risky assets. Otherwise, go to alternative assets (T-bills or Zero). TMOM and MA rules are highly correlated but there are circumstances where the rules have a difference of opinion.